Cherkasy City Territorial Community

projects PRIORITIES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Geographical features natural resources INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS demography implementation of strategic projects directions of development of the local economy industry destruction contacts

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Facade insulation of the obstetric building of the Cherkasy City Maternity Hospital "Mother and Child Center"

The primary goal and objective of the Project is to implement energy-saving measures, reduce heating costs for the maternity hospital, and bring facades, entryways, and porches in line with current energy efficiency and accessibility legislation for people with limited mobility. Additionally, it aims to comply with the requirements of the Ukrainian Ministry of Health Order No. 170 dated January 26, 2022, “On Approving the Unified Clinical Protocol for Primary, Secondary (Specialized), and Tertiary (Highly Specialized) Medical Care ‘Physiological Labor,’” as well as the Protocol for Medical Care for Healthy Newborns approved by Order No. 152 on April 4, 2005 (with amendments).

Оцінна вартість: 979 895 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Reconstruction type: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Social infrastructure facilities (healthcare)

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Facade insulation of the gynecological building of the Cherkasy City Maternity Hospital "Mother and Child Center"

Estimated cost: 815 777 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Reconstruction type: Modernization of nodes and components

Project ownership type: Municipal

Social infrastructure facilities (healthcare)

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Cherkasy City Maternity Hospital "Mother and Child Center"
installation of a backup power supply source

Project Goal: The primary goal and objective of the Project is to ensure the implementation and introduction of measures to connect the maternity hospital's distribution electrical equipment to independent emergency power supply sources.
In line with the State Policy on Energy Efficiency of Buildings, the aim is to reduce energy resource consumption and restore the aesthetic appearance of the maternity hospital buildings. This is in accordance with proposals for infrastructure projects focused on the restoration, renewal, and modernization of healthcare facilities. The project aims to create the necessary level of convenience and comfort for users and operational staff, including compliance with climate control requirements within the premises (air exchange, temperature, humidity, lighting levels, etc.), as well as ensuring accessibility for inspections and repairs, and enabling the replacement and modernization of individual elements.

Estimated cost: 49 138 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Reconstruction type: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Social infrastructure facilities (healthcare)

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Construction on Kvitkova Street, Cherkasy

Kvitkova Street is a main district-level street in the city of Cherkasy. The construction of this street will connect two neighborhoods: "Southwest" and "Vokzalny."
This development will provide opportunities for the growth and development of a new neighborhood in the city, creating jobs, increasing tax revenue, and more. New roads will transform the city’s landscape and serve as a powerful impetus for the economic development of Cherkasy and the Cherkasy region. The construction of the street is being carried out as part of the implementation of the General Plan for the city of Cherkasy.
The designated street will ensure transportation links between large residential areas of the city, as well as between residential and industrial zones, and public centers with access to main roads.
Kvitkova Street will accommodate public transport, private vehicles, access to service facilities, and the passage of municipal vehicles.

Estimated cost: 4 000 000 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Reconstruction type: Full (reconstruction from scratch)

Project ownership type: Municipal

Transport infrastructure facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Capital repair of the First Cherkasy City Hospital

The project involves implementing energy-efficient measures in the building of a municipal institution to reduce energy resource consumption. The saved funds are intended to be directed towards the development of the Cherkasy City Territorial Community and improving the provision of medical services to the population.

The project includes capital repairs such as: replacing and insulating the roof, insulating the facades, replacing windows, external doors, electrical networks, and interior finishing.

Estimated cost: 1 322 554 $

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Reconstruction type: Capital repair

Project ownership type: Municipal

Social infrastructure facilities (healthcare)

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Reconstruction of a section of the main sewer collector

Stable and continuous provision of quality centralized sewage services, along with the reduction of environmental pollution risks.

The project involves the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete pipelines with a diameter of 800 mm, which have reached the end of their operational lifespan, replacing them with pipelines made of modern corrosion-resistant materials. The total length of the collector is 784.4 meters.

Approximately 81,000 residents of the city will receive quality centralized sewage services.

Estimated cost: 1 151 000 $

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Nature of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Water supply and sewage

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Reconstruction of the main sewage collector section

Improving the quality of centralized sewage services and reducing the risks of environmental pollution

The project involves the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete pipelines with a diameter of 800 mm, which have reached the end of their service life, replacing them with pipes made of modern corrosion-resistant materials. The total length of the collector is 1108.7 linear meters.

A total of 189,000 residents of the city will receive quality centralized sewage services.

Estimated cost: 2 117 000 $

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Nature of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Water supply and sewage

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Emergency Medical Care Hospital

Project Objective: The project aims to reduce disability rates by enhancing the quality and accessibility of specialized rehabilitation services for residents of the region.

The increase in patients, due to internally displaced persons and veterans requiring adequate rehabilitation, has created a need to expand the rehabilitation department and improve conditions for medical service provision.

Upon completion of the major renovations, the total area of the rehabilitation department will be 1,597.9 m².

Estimated cost: 1 500 000 $

Project Design and Cost Estimate Documentation: Not available.

Reconstruction Type: Major repair

Project ownership type: Municipal

Social Infrastructure Facilities (Healthcare)

ПРОЄКТ МАЄ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Accommodation Center

**Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Accommodation Center**

Upon completion of the renovations, the facility will serve as a temporary shelter for internally displaced persons (IDPs) who, due to unemployment, disability, childcare responsibilities, or advanced age, are unable to secure housing independently. Additionally, a dedicated center for supporting evacuated or displaced children will be established within the building.

The facility will contain 30 residential units, each including an entryway, foyer, living room, kitchen, and combined bathroom, designed to accommodate 145 individuals simultaneously. Furthermore, the children’s support center will include two educational units equipped with changing rooms, an administrative area, classrooms, and restrooms.

The economic effectiveness of this project lies in restoring neglected municipally owned buildings to meet the needs of the community, specifically for supporting internally displaced and evacuated individuals.

Estimated cost: 2 345 470 $

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Nature of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Objects of social infrastructure (education, culture, and sports)

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL THE PROJECT WILL BE PRESENTED AT THE COMMUNITY MARATHON

Center for the Rehabilitation and Adaptation of Veterans

A rehabilitation center has been established at the KP MSK "Dnipropetrovsk," where war veterans engage in various adaptive sports.
Renovating and restoring the pool will allow for a comprehensive approach to the rehabilitation of war veterans and people with disabilities, improving their physical and emotional well-being.
Moreover, restoring the pool's operations is an important step for the development of youth sports, as it will enable training for Cherkasy swimmers and prepare them for championships at various levels.
Additionally, residents of Cherkasy will be able to continue swimming lessons to restore their health.

Estimated cost: 1 200 000 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Nature of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Objects of social infrastructure (education, culture, and sports)

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Restoration of the children's music school.

The building is listed in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine under the category of local significance: cultural heritage objects in Cherkasy.

As a cultural and architectural heritage site, Cherkasy Children's Music School No. 1 named after M.V. Lysenko is an important asset and a priceless historical resource that contributes to the development of science, education, and culture, fostering a sense of patriotism and aesthetic education.

Cherkasy Children's Music School No. 1 named after M.V. Lysenko is one of the largest art schools in Ukraine, located in the center of Cherkasy, and holds a high rating among educational institutions.

Estimated cost: 450 000 €

Project design and cost estimate documentation: Already available

Nature of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Objects of social infrastructure (education, culture, and sports)

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Construction of a solar power plant at the water treatment station

Ensuring uninterrupted water supply for the residents of the city, including during power outages, with corresponding cost savings on electricity purchases.

The project includes the acquisition and commissioning of a solar panel system.

Social significance: 269,000 residents of the city will be provided with centralized water supply, even in the absence of electricity (blackouts), at minimal costs. As a result, this will lead to a decrease in tariff levels.

Estimated cost: 1 027 000 €

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch)

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Construction of a waste processing plant

The implementation of new technologies and waste collection and processing systems in the city aims to create industrial complexes related to the collection, sorting, recycling, and disposal of waste, in accordance with European environmental standards.

In addition to the environmental component, the project's implementation will diversify the city's energy supply system and contribute to the creation of new jobs, positively impacting the socio-economic development of both the Cherkasy city community and the surrounding areas.

Estimated cost: 25 000 000 €

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch)

Project ownership type: Municipal

Transport infrastructure facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Construction of a solar power plant at the pumping station

Ensuring an uninterrupted water supply for the residents of the city, including during power outages (blackouts) and the destruction of the energy system due to Russia's aggression.
The project includes the installation and commissioning of a solar panel system on the roofs of production facilities (clean water tanks) with a capacity of 300 kW.
Social significance: 269,000 residents of the city will be provided with centralized water supply, even in the absence of electricity (blackouts), leading to lower tariffs for centralized water supply services.

Estimated cost: 927 000 $

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Partial

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Installation of a cogeneration gas engine plant at the water treatment station

Ensuring electrical and thermal energy supply to the Dnipro water treatment station facilities, including during blackouts and the destruction of the energy supply system due to Russia's aggression.
The project includes the installation and commissioning of a power generation and heating system for the production facilities of the Dnipro water treatment station.
Social significance: 269,000 residents of the city will be provided with centralized water supply, even in the absence of electricity (blackouts). Additionally, this will lead to lower tariffs for centralized water supply services.

Estimated cost: 635 000 $

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch)

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Construction of a wind turbine at the Dnipro water treatment station

● Ensuring round-the-clock water supply and wastewater services for residents of the regional center.● Uninterrupted electricity supply to the facilities of KP● "Cherkasyvodokanal" for centralized water supply services.● Mitigation of climate change impacts.● Reduction of carbon emissions.● Decrease in the cost of centralized water supply services.● Reduction of operational costs for centralized water supply services.● The project includes the installation and commissioning of a wind turbine with a capacity of 1 MW.
Social significance:
Providing 269,000 residents of Cherkasy with uninterrupted centralized water supply and wastewater services around the clock.Ensuring uninterrupted electricity supply for 200 residents of the village of Sokyrna.

Estimated cost: 2 000 000 €

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch).

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Solar station

The long-term goal of the project is to reduce energy intensity indicators and decrease costs for energy carriers, enhance energy independence, and increase the share of renewable energy sources in the municipal sector.

The implementation of the project aims to foster a special attitude and support from both the authorities and the population towards the city’s energy strategy, which focuses on energy independence, low energy intensity, and the implementation of green energy projects.

Estimated cost: 45 000 €

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch).

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

THE PROJECT HAS INVESTMENT APPEAL

Acquisition of a modular photovoltaic generating installation for the "Vilshanka" water intake of KP "Cherkasyvodokanal"

Project Goals:- Ensure round-the-clock water supply and wastewater services for residents of the regional center.- Provide uninterrupted electricity supply to the facilities of KP "Cherkasyvodokanal" for centralized water supply services.- Mitigate climate change impacts.- Reduce carbon emissions.- Decrease the cost of centralized water supply services.- Lower operational costs for centralized water supply services.
The project includes the installation and commissioning of a solar panel system with a control unit at the "Vilshanka" water intake with a capacity of 1 MW.
Social Significance:- Provide 269,000 residents of Cherkasy with uninterrupted centralized water supply and wastewater services around the clock.- Ensure uninterrupted electricity supply for 200 residents of the village of Sokyrna.

Estimated cost: 1 027 000 $

Project cost estimate documentation: Not available

Type of reconstruction: Complete (reconstruction from scratch).

Project ownership type: Municipal

Energy supply facilities

Exchange of best practices in various areas of community life;

Attracting international expert and financial resources;

Strengthening international economic cooperation: attracting foreign investments and facilitating the entry of local enterprises into foreign markets;

Support for existing and the establishment of new international connections;

Implementation of joint projects and the search for and development of business partnerships.

COMMUNITY WEBSITE FACEBOOK PAGE reconstruction projects on the Dream website

Total area - 7,759 hACHERKASY region
Cherkasy city and Orshanets village

● The city is located in the center of Ukraine at the intersection of key transport corridors of Europe and Asia.● Five bus stations provide domestic and international routes.● Paved roads — 270 km; municipal transport routes — 486 km.● A railway connecting Kyiv with Kharkiv and Dnipro passes through the city; a railway station is operational.● Cherkasy is one of the largest cities on the Dnipro River and has a port with a 590 m cargo berth.● Nearest airports: Boryspil (160 km), Zhulyany (192 km).● Distances: Kyiv — 189 km, Kharkiv — 371 km, Dnipro — 281 km, Lviv — 727 km, Odesa — 445 km.

Located on the right bank of the Dnipro River, the city has a unique coastal zone that stretches 16 km. Near Cherkasy, the river is over 11 km wide, as the Kremenchuk Reservoir, also known as the Cherkasy Sea, is created here. The area of the reservoir is 2,250 km², making it the largest reservoir in Ukraine by surface area.
Within the city, there are 32 nature reserve facilities covering a total area of 203.2 hectares. A significant recreational asset for the city is the Pine Forest, which directly borders Cherkasy. This is the largest natural pine forest in Ukraine, spanning 28,500 hectares, and serves as a popular recreational area for residents of Cherkasy and visitors to the city.

INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS

Geographical location at the intersection of transport highways, not far from Kyiv (190 km). Transport connections by highways, railway;

Available industrial base (chemical industry, energy production, processing);

Availability and accessibility of brown field and green field areas;

Proximity to agricultural areas in the region creates favorable conditions for the development of the processing industry;

Availability of skilled labor resources;

Active and developed IT community.

The unique 16 km coastal strip of the Dnipro River and the Cherkasy Reservoir. The city’s water resources create favorable conditions for the development of recreation, tourism and recreation needs, water sports, and the implementation of water transport.

The presence of green spaces in the city (31% of the territory, 2,100 hectares), including the unique Pine Forest within the city and the Cold Yar — a relic forest area in the region, which holds historical and environmental significance.

INVESTOR SECTION ON THE COMMUNITY'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE

According to the research results of the rating agency "IVI-Rating," the following has been confirmed for the city of Cherkasy:

Investment attractiveness rating – at the level of "invA-"

Credit rating at the level of "uaA-"

The challenges posed by Russia's military aggression necessitate a reassessment of priorities and strategic development goals for the community. Throughout 2023 and 2024, with the support of the All-Ukrainian initiative "Active Community" from the NGO "Institute Republic" and the National Democratic Institute (NDI), as well as financial backing from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), public consultations were held to discuss changes aimed at updating the city's development strategy.

STRATEGIC GOALS OF THE COMMUNITY:

Economic growth
- Creating conditions for business development and attracting investments
- Diversification of the city's economy
- Promoting the economic potential of the city
A comfortable, efficient, and smart city
● Environmental safety and preservation of the environment ● Resource-saving and energy-efficient urban infrastructure ● Spatial development of the city ● Ensuring a high level of public safety in the urban environment ● Digital transformation of the city
Harmonious development of the individual throughout life
● A city of care and family values ● Creating a creative environment for self-realization and leisure ● Activating residents' participation in the development and management of the city ● Developing the education system in the city ● Promoting a healthy lifestyle and improving medical services
Dnipro - the brand and style of the city of Cherkasy
● Development of the city's recognition and uniqueness ● Development of culture and tourism ● Development of HORECA (Hotels, Restaurants, Cafés)

Education102

Culture12

Sports285

Medicine14

Administrative buildings3

Project "Eco-Square 'Flower'"

Partners / Participants / Donors: State Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland (SECO), International Office of the European Energy Award (IOeea), Cherkasy City Council, KP "Cherkasy Markets."
Goal: To create an ecological demonstration facility of communal ownership using the latest energy-efficient and environmental standards.
What has been done: The materials used were as environmentally friendly as possible and had compliance certificates. To save energy resources, a decision was made to install lamps and benches equipped with solar panels and USB ports for charging gadgets. The square is illuminated with LED lights. Landscaping work has been carried out on the square, and an irrigation system has been created. It is expected that once hostilities in Ukraine conclude, the Eco-Square will host educational events, presentations, and other activities.

Temporary Shelter for Internally Displaced Persons, Individuals and Families with Children, Persons with Disabilities, and the Elderly

Partners / Participants / Donors: Cherkasy City Council, Department of Social Policy, International Organization for Migration, French humanitarian organization Triangle Génération Humanitaire, NGO "Ukraine ON TIME," NGO "Rotary Club Cherkasy."

Goal: To provide temporary accommodation for internally displaced persons.

What has been done: A major renovation of a four-story communal building has been completed, creating a temporary shelter designed to accommodate up to 250 people at once. Specifically, nine rooms on the first floor are accessible for persons with disabilities and other mobility-impaired individuals. To ensure the safety and protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs), a shelter has been established in the basement of the building.

Shelter for the temporary accommodation of internally displaced persons

Partners / Participants / Donors: Cherkasy City Council. Co-financed by the European Investment Bank and the budget of the Cherkasy City Territorial Community.

Goal: To provide temporary accommodation for internally displaced persons. As a result of the project implementation, a shelter for temporary accommodation of IDPs will be created. After the renovations, the buildings will feature 41 living rooms, 10 bathrooms (4 of which will be accessible for persons with reduced mobility), 6 showers, 4 kitchen-dining areas, and 4 laundry facilities.

What has been done: The project is currently in progress.

Temporary shelter and day center for social and psychological assistance to individuals affected by domestic violence and/or gender-based violence

Partners / Participants / Donors: United Nations Population Fund in Ukraine - UNFPA Ukraine, Cherkasy City Council, Department of Social Policy of the City Council, Cherkasy City Center for Social Services.

What has been done: As part of the project "Cities and Communities Free from Domestic Violence," a major renovation of a two-story building is being carried out using funds from the community budget. The UN Fund has purchased and provided furniture, equipment, inventory, and computer and office technology worth over 1.6 million UAH. The temporary shelter is designed to accommodate 25 individuals at the same time and will also house a day center for social and psychological assistance, where psychological, legal, counseling, and other social services will be provided.

Project status: The project is currently in progress.

Installation of cogeneration units

Partners / Participants / Donors: USAID, Cherkasy City Council, KPТM "Cherkasy Teplokomunenergo."

Goal: To ensure the stable operation of the city's heating supply system and develop decentralized distributed generation.

What has been done: The heating enterprise is modernizing systems toward decentralized distributed generation. The enterprise already has five cogeneration units and is additionally installing six more, which were received through the USAID Energy Security Project as technical assistance. As a result, the enterprise generates electricity for its own use and can partially meet the city's energy needs. Furthermore, as part of the project, the enterprise also received the necessary equipment. The project is currently in progress.

Alternative power source for the water supply and sewage pumping stations of Municipal enterprise "Cherkasy Vodokanal."

Partners / Participants / Donors: UNICEF, NGO "GOULOCAL," State Agency of Strategic Reserves (Poland).

Goal: To ensure uninterrupted centralized water supply and sewage services for residents of the city during emergency power outages affecting the enterprise’s facilities due to damage to Ukraine's energy system by aggressors.

What has been done: Diesel generators of various capacities have been installed at the main sewage pumping stations (MPS-1,2), the third-lift water pumping station, district sewage pumping stations, and booster water pumping stations. At the district sewage pumping stations, the switching is performed automatically when the main power is cut off. In other cases, the switching is carried out by the on-duty personnel.

MODERNIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY PUMPING STATIONS OF Municipal enterprise "CHERKASY VODOKANAL"

Partners / Participants / Donors: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Cherkasy City Council, KP "Cherkasy Vodokanal."

Goal: To ensure uninterrupted water supply, improve service quality through modernization and technical re-equipping of the pumping station equipment at the third-lift pumping stations, and reduce energy consumption.

As a result of the completed work, the following outcomes have been achieved:
- Reduction of energy consumption by up to 24%
- Decrease in operational costs
- Reduction of breaks in main pipelines during the transportation of drinking water
- Improvement of the overall technical condition of the pumping stations
- Enhancement of working conditions for personnel and operational conditions for equipment
- Improved reliability of technological equipment operation.

MODERNIZATION OF SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS OF Municipal enterprise "CHERKASY VODOKANAL"

Partners / Participants / Donors: Subcredit from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Goal: Modernization of pumping station equipment, ensuring reliable sewage disposal in Cherkasy, improving service quality, and reducing energy consumption.

As a result of the completed work, the following outcomes have been achieved:
- Reduction of energy consumption at sewage pumping stations by up to 30%
- Decrease in operational costs related to the repair and maintenance of pumping equipment
- Improvement of the overall technical condition of the pumping stations
- Enhancement of working conditions for personnel and operational conditions for equipment
- Improved reliability of technological equipment operation.

Supply of medical equipment to Cherkasy City Infectious Diseases Hospital

Partners / Participants / Donors: NGO "Life Without Barriers," KP "Cherkasy City Infectious Diseases Hospital," Embassy of Japan in Ukraine (under the "Kusanone" human security projects).

Goal: To improve the quality of medical services.

What has been done: Medical equipment has been purchased for the hospital, including a hemodialysis machine, a reverse osmosis system, electric beds for intensive care, an electric chair for dialysis and chemotherapy, and other equipment.

Economic sectors of the city where the largest number of employees is concentrated, %

Directions for the development of the local economy

The most developed sectors are the chemical and construction industries, machine engineering, metalworking, and the production of mineral products. The pharmaceutical, light, and food industries, as well as the service sector, are becoming increasingly significant. Cherkasy contributes a substantial share to the economy of Cherkasy Oblast, which ranks among the top 10 regions in Ukraine by gross regional product.

The economic structure exhibits a sufficient level of diversification in terms of economic activities and key enterprises. The economy of Cherkasy has an industrial character.

The city is home to over 200 industrial enterprises. Their share in the total regional volume of industrial production in 2023 was 36.5%.

The volume of industrial products sold by enterprises in the city of Cherkasy in 2023 amounted to 43,667.1 million UAH, which is 25.1% higher than in 2021.

The processing industry predominates in the sales of industrial products, %.